The Governance Lab at New York University has formulated eight recommendations for open and engaged policy-making, looking at four basic stages: understanding the prob-lem, developing solutions, drafting, and eval-uation and assessment.In recent years, a number of private companies, mostly North American and European (such as citizenlab, Civocracy, Decidim, Dyntra, and Emergreen, to mention a few), have developed digital citizen participation tools and platforms at the request of municipal authorities for cities such as Barcelona, Gent, and Vancouver.